The Phosphate In The Moroccan Industry Economics Essay

The Phosphate In The Moroccan Industry Economics Essay The resources of Moroccan economy based on agriculture, phosphate, and tourism, and also sales of fish and see food plays a major role in economy of Morocco. Industry and mining contribute about one-third of the annual GDP gross domestic product which means all revenues earning by a country in the last twelve months period. As you know in the worldwide Morocco is the worlds second or third-largest producer of phosphates after United States and China. In this assignment I will explain and focus about the phosphate and the major role of phosphate in the economy of Morocco, because phosphate mining in Morocco is responsible for more than half of the nations income, which very important for growing and developing the economy of morocco. The phosphate industry in Morocco As you know Morocco is one of the largest countries of producing and exporting the phosphate in the world wide. Morocco phosphate is perhaps the most important mineral in the country, having diverse usages. The production of phosphate in Morocco is carried out in the four mining centers in the country, namely Youssoufia, Boucraa, Khouribga and Benguerir. The mines in Khouribga functions on the basis of the Oulad Abdoun deposit of phosphates, found about 140 kilometers south-east of Casablanca. The extraction potential of this mine is around 17-18 million tons annually. The phosphate ore extracted from this mine forms the basis of exporting them in foreign lands. Moreover, the ores also offer considerable support to the new chemical industry located in Jorf Lasfar The production of Morocco phosphate is owned and controlled by OCP, the state-owned company, the OCP group which stands for (office chà ©rifien des phosphates): this group operates on the five continents. Its traditional op ening on the international scene since its creation in 1920 quite naturally urges it to permanently develop adjustment, flexibility and anticipation capacities so as to adequately meet customers increasingly stringent requirements in a very competitive market(1). The OCP group is one of the largest enterprise in the kingdom and also employs more than 2% of population who work in the group OCP which help to decrease the unemployment in Morocco, because the unemployment affect the economy of the country and the OCP group which owned by the government they have more responsibility of employing as much as they can to help the decreasing of unemployment, and also this group help the employees to do training with the development of the technology. Morocco houses approximately 2/3 of the worlds phosphate reserves, putting it in a higher league than major competitors China, Russia, and the United States, and this table will show you more details about the reserve of phosphate in Morocco and other countries which producing the phosphate: Of the four major producers, Moroccan reserves account for around 50% of the world total. With Phosphate consumption growth estimated at 1-2% per year, global phosphate reserves extend, for All intents and purposes well into the future, for centuries. Meanwhile, depletion of the most economically exploitable reserves can be estimated to occur within a period of 100-130 years. (2) Morocco takes measures to cut phosphate prices in the third of June 2008 because the general director of OCP Mr. Mostafa Terrab announced on Monday (June 2nd). Using an estimated $4m in investment, Morocco plans to increase phosphate production from 30 to 55 million tons per year. Terrab said the measure is expected to bring phosphate prices down from the current $300 per ton to $100. Morocco owns an estimated 50 to 71% of the worlds phosphate reserves. As you notice from this chart in 2001 Morocco is the second large country of producing phosphate rock in the world after United State, and Morocco produce more than 20.000 tons per year. This is why phosphate helps the increase of GDP in Moroccan economy every year, and also this large huge quantity of production the phosphate in Morocco can put the Morocco as the famous country in the world and to attract many countries to reach their market especially those that not have any business relationship in the phosphate industry with Morocco. The secretary-general of Moroccos Finance Ministry Abdeltif Loudyi said in an interview on April 7, 2009 in the Sudanese capital, Khartoum. Morocco will open a special zone for the phosphate industry and hopes to attract 50 billion dirhams ($6 billion) of investments and also said The North African country will probably hold an international tender to attract investors this year, and build a pipe to transport the phosphate more cheaply.(3) When Morocco export phosphate to other countries especially to one which too far from Morocco can cost a huge amount of money in transportation, according to this problem Morocco want to use a certain strategy to reduce the cost of transportation and this is why Abdeltit Loudyi went to Sudan to discuss this economic issue of phosphate with the minister of Sudan. Moroccan phosphate affects economic issues The phosphate industry actively contributes to the countrys economic development; by its presence in five geographical areas in Morocco such as: El Jadida, Safi, and Khouribgaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and the phosphate create wealth, provide jobs, offer training, get supplies from and have sub-contracts with a large and famous network of national companies and contributes in the creation of businesses. And also it is keen to ensure the wellbeing of its employees, collaborate with universities and support humanitarian, sport which OCP group is sponsorship with a lot of football teams in Morocco and also help cultural actions. The most important industrial exports are raw phosphates And processed products, including phosphoric acid and fertilizers, but Morocco also exports textiles, clothing, and shoes. Although Morocco is the worlds largest exporter of raw and processed phosphates, the phosphates sector overall contributes only 3 percent to the GDP (4), which helps the economy of Morocco to growth every year. The new agreement adds an industrial dimension, with the companies planning to launch a joint feasibility study into an industrial site to produce uranium from phosphoric acid. And this agreement is signed between Morocco and French this deal its very important to develop the economy of Morocco, this agreement which the president of French Nicolas Sarkozy visit Morocco with the purpose to develop the cooperation and research initiatives in the field of natural uranium between the OCP group and other French companies in the same sector. According to the last statistics which launched in the newspapers the exports of Moroccan phosphate increased by 7.3% in 2002, thanks to the Expansion of deliveries to India, and the 8% rise in purchases by the United States.(5) This increase helps the development of Moroccan economy especially in the mineral industry which increases by 5% this year. As you notice from the table there is a change between 1989 and 1999 in exporting of phosphate in Morocco to those countries, there is a very decrease of exporting in US by 40%, which can affect the economy of Morocco in a negative way. But there is a huge increase of exporting in Poland by 92% its too near to double, this increases help the development of the economy of Morocco in a positive way. The OCP group launched in the news Morocco exports of fertilizers dropped by 6.2%, and also its exports of phosphoric acid increased by 6.2% and those by a phosphate rock by 13.2% its a large increasing, and exports recorded an increase of 8.3%, all those increases confirms Moroccos position as the world leading exporter of phosphate under all form, with a market share that climbed from 28.2% in 2004 to 30.7% in 2005.(6) Just between 2004 and 2005 Morocco the exports of all types of phosphate increase by 2.5% which good for the economy of Morocco, this also resulted in a record turnover, as it rose to 2.055 billion dollars, an increase of 17.8% compared with the last statistic of 2004, and also a huge increase of 49.34% compared to 2003. This increase of Moroccan turnover can change the economy to grow progressively in the future. The impact of Moroccan phosphate in the environment As you know the produce of phosphates can effect the environment of Morocco in a negative way, which means the OCP group when they produces any types of phosphate can affect the environment and increase the percentage of pollution in Moroccan society over the sea or the air. The main areas of producing phosphates by OCP group are Jorf Lasfar and Safi, on the Moroccan Atlantic coastline; there are chemical industry plants that produce phosphate derivates including phosphoric acid and fertilizers, together with by-products such as sulphuric acid. The liquid effluents of the plants are discharged directly into the sea. In order to evaluate their impact, we have compared the distribution of intertidal macro benthos in several locations, along industry pollution. The results illustrate how biological diversity and species densities decrease abruptly in the vicinity of these industrial effluents, and also how recovery, as measured by the same parameters, proceeds with distance from the discharge points.(7) But the OCP group mentions in the annual report in 2005, which the group wants to have a good development and the implementation of the first OCP group environmental policy as well as the setting-up of the quality-safety-environment charter on July 20 in the same year 2005, according to this great initiative the group commits itself to contribute further towards improved community conditions life in Morocco. Morocco plan to develop the production of phosphate In 2009 Morocco especially OCP group launched a new plan to develop the production of phosphate or to help the phosphate industry by purchasing or using new materials and using new technology which help the production of phosphate to be easily and too quick. Moroccos Office Cherifien de Phosphate (OCP), the worlds leading phosphate exporter, said on this year it plans to spend 16 billion Moroccan Dirhams on chemicals as part of five-year, 22 billion dirhams development scheme.(8) The OCP group and also the Moroccan government it would spend the remainder of the money for the 2008-2012 development scheme on modernizing facilities, upgrading infrastructure and increasing capacity to produce phosphoric acid and fertiliser at its Jorf Lasfar site. And also Morocco will increase export of rock phosphate and phosphoric acid to India and has  offered India two sites for setting up a phosphoric acid joint venture, the Indian government said on Thursday 27 March 2008: Leading a delegation to Rabat, Chemicals and Fertilizers Minister Ram Vilas Paswan  and Moroccan Prime Minister Abbas el-Fassi discussed the prospects of increasing supply of fertilizer feedstock and intermediates as well as investments by Indian firms in the chemicals, fertilizers, steel and automobiles sectors in Morocco.(9) This good deal by the Indian and Moroccan government will help the increased of the exporting of phosphate and reach the market in India because this country spent and imports more than 5 million tons yearly of rock phosphate which include phosphoric acid and diammonium phosphate, this is why Morocco wants to get a good business relationship with India which imports about 1.1 millions tons/year of rock phosphate and 1.2 millions tons/year of phosphoric acid, and Morocco in this two last year wants to increase the export of phosphate to India and also export other types of phosphate which produce by Morocco especially by OCP group, another goal of Morocco and OCP group they want to target and reach other countries for examples: Belgium, Germany, and Italyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and they want to do an agreement between the OCP group and Belgium government, and this agreement include other sectors not the only phosphate. Moroccos Office Cherifien de Phosphate (OCP), the worlds leading phosphate exporter, plans to nearly double production in the next six or seven years, a senior executive told Reuters on 28 Wednesday 2009. OCP already controls around 45 percent of the world market for lime phosphate, and controls more than 30 percent of global phosphate exports, according to company data. (10) And also the company wants to remain as the market leaders in the global phosphate business in the future, so the only way to do that is to almost double or production from 30 million tons per year to 54 million, (Ahmed Nabzar), whos the executive vice president of OCP Group, said in an interview. OCP group last year announced a $12 billion expansion plan for the next seven or eight years. The company has already begun exploring three new mines to achieve its output goals, and expanding those would cost $100 million in the future. And also OCP group with the Support of the Moroccan government they want to increa se the export of phosphate to the market including Asia, Europe, and United Statesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Conclusion We know that the United States is currently produce more phosphate rock than Morocco, but an estimated that the phosphate reserve by Moroccan it can nearly six or seven times that reserve by the United States, according to this information and looking towards the future. This puts Morocco in a good place and also in a very advantageous position to become the leading player and reach the international market in the mining of phosphate. OCP group starts to spend more money in the research and development, training which include education in Morocco or abroad. This strategy it can be very costly in a short-term, and the benefit of it can help the group to earn more profit in a long-term period.

Alternative Medicine and the Christian Responsibility Essay -- Medical

Alternative Medicine and the Christian Responsibility Acupuncture, ayurveda, chiropractice, homeopathy, meditation, osteopathy, and yoga are just a few of the many types of medicine practiced all over the world. According to the western establishment, all these forms of medicine are called alternative medicines. However, some of the aforementioned techniques have been in continuous use for over six thousand years, predating western medicine by over four thousand years. Yet, still many M.D.'s reject alternative forms of medicine. One of the buzzwords in medicine in recent years has been "holistic medicine". Physicians are becoming more aware of the need to treat the whole patient rather than just certain symptoms. Due to this realization, a small percentage of doctors are turning to ancient forms of medicine as a guide to alternative treatments. As alternative forms of medicine emerge in the western world, Christian scientists need to determine the moral, religious, and scientific validity of such techniques in order to gain a more holis tic approach to medicine. Moral Issues According to the Hippocratic Oath, which every physician must take, each physician is expected to deliver the form of care which she considers most beneficial to a patient's health. There are a few minor stipulations guiding treatment by a physician, but for the most part, doctors have much liberty in choosing a regimen for a particular patient. If we look only at the Hippocratic Oath as the governing body of a physician's actions, then we must admit that no doctor is obligated to broaden his views and seed treatments with which he is not already familiar. However, every year doctors are required to fulfill certain requirements in continuing educatio... ...at an open mind about many of the forms of alternative medicine may reveal new forms of beneficial treatment that can save money and even lives. Each Christian scientist has the responsibility to seek morally, religiously, and scientifically sound forms of alternative medicine as a supplement to the western medicine in our society today. Works Cited Collinge, William. 1996. The American holistic health association complete guide to alternative medicine. New York: Warner Books. Inglis, Brian and Ruth West. 1983. The alternative health guide. New York: Dorling Kindersley Limited. Maciocia, Giovanni. 1989. The foundations of Chinese medicine. New York: Churchill Livingstone. Marti, James E. 1995. Alternative health medicine encyclopedia. Detroit: Visible Ink Press. Plotkin, Mark J. 1993. Tales of a shaman's apprentice. New York: Penguin Books Ltd.

My Childhood Hero Essay

Every child has a hero, someone they look up to, someone who guides their thoughts and influences their life. My childhood hero was Belle from the fairytale, The Beauty and the Beast. As a child, I watched the movie end to end and read the book countless times, losing myself in her magical world so completely that I actually began to know the lines by heart. I never once got bored of it and frankly, right until today, Belle is still my inspiration. Though I first admired her for her outer beauty, I then began to look up to her for her inner beauty. She was portrayed as such a happy young woman, helpful and loving and with a warm smile for all. Her ability to be everyoneÂ’s friend, to sing such delightful songs always made me happy and feel like part of her world, not just an on-looker. I actually used to wish that Belle would come alive and be my friend. However, the main reason Belle became my hero was because of her sacrifice. Her willingness to let go of all she knew and loved to save her father has never ceased to impress me. This truly showed me the depth of her love for her father and taught me the value of family and parents. Besides depicting BelleÂ’s loving side, her sacrifice also gave me an insight to her courage. She braved the hound dogs in the mountains and continued with what she started out for, as a sacrifice to the beast who resided in a huge, deserted palace in the loneliest part of the mountains. It was through Belle that I learnt the importance of patience, endurance and perseverance. She had the courage to face the beast, to endure his fearful sight and to bear the brunt of his volatile temper just to save her fatherÂ’s life. Not only that, Belle was also able to see through physical countenances and fall in love with the ugly beast instead of shunning him away and marrying the handsome but shallow Gaston. To me, Belle was and still is someone I want to be. I always wished to grow up to be the way Belle was. I related to her through our common passion for books and loved her for who she was. Through BelleÂ’s final victory where the beast transformed back to a Prince and Gaston got defeated, she became my image of how the good and righteous always triumphs over the evil. The magic  within the tale and the “happily ever after” ending has given me a reason to belief in the unbelievable, to have faith and truly trust the existence of a greater power. The true love between the Beauty and the Beast is why I dream of my Prince charming finding me one day. BelleÂ’s heart of gold made her my childhood hero. Ten years have passed and unabashedly I confess that she is still my role model and I still do hope that I am able to be as admirable as her. Who says fairy tales are for kids?

The Problem With The Music Ind essays

The Problem With The Music Ind essays The Problems With The Music Industry Today Its 1:15 am on Saturday, August Xth, and I lay semi-conscious in North Carolina, being pumped full of shit by the good people at MTV. Total Request Live is on and theyre playing the Number One video Britney Spears Lucky. Ive heard this song millions of times before (two younger sisters) but this time something went off in my head (its funny how that tends to happen in the wee morning hours). Perhaps I should explain something first a close friend of mine and I were having an argument about this song the other day. She is convinced that Britney has a right to bitch about the issue covered in the song, whereas I felt that if shes going to portray herself as perfect to the public, and deny anything imperfect from happening (for example, her denial of being offered $17 million for sex), she has no right to whine. Well, as I said, something went off in my head that night Britney isnt complaining at all. That song had nothing to do with her. For fucks sake, she didnt write the goddamn thing! She paid some person, who in all likeliness received no recognition for the piece at all, and is definitely not at all famous, to write it for her! The lyrics, therefore, are as deep in emotional merit as a grease stain left on a paper plate by a slice of pizza. And yet I sit on my couch watching as person after person comments on how deep Ms. Spears is! Which bring me, of course, to my main point. I am a music enthusiast, not in the sense that I like all music from all genres, but rather in the sense that I am constantly listening to, writing, playing and even recording, music. Currently, Im in a band as a singer and bassist. When I write a song, its an expression. An expression of how I feel, or about someone else, etc. The point Im getting to is that my songs are a reflection of me. I pu ...

Importance of Natural Resources essay

Importance of Natural Resources essay Importance of Natural Resources essay Importance of Natural Resources essayNatural resources were historically an important condition of the successful development of countries. The disparity in the access to natural resources predetermined, to a significant extent, the socioeconomic disparity in the development of Northern countries and Southern ones. In fact, the economic and technological development of countries and the difference in their development was driven by the availability of natural resources, which stimulated the development of technology and, therefore, economic progress of those communities and countries, which benefited from the available natural resources and the backwardness of those countries and communities, which lacked natural resources. Even though today the process of globalization makes natural resources available worldwide, but the world economy still depends on natural resources and those countries, which have access to natural resources, especially fossil fuels, such as oil and gas, can keep progressing fast, while those, which have limited opportunities to use natural resources are doomed to backwardness.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Historically, natural resources played the role of the main driver of the economic development of nations (Deudney Flavin 114). For example, coal mining and the availability of iron to Great Britain allowed the country to become one of the leaders in the world economy and conduct its industrial revolution successfully. Similarly the availability of natural resources became the major condition of the successful economic and technological development of other powers, including the US, France, Germany and others (Kraft Kameniecky 158).At the same time, the significant role of natural resources as the major driver of the economic development becomes obvious, when the availability of natural resources, their use and historical socioeconomic and technological development of countries is compared. In this regard, the disparity b etween North and South is particularly obvious (McCormick 214). For example, early civilizations emerged in Northern hemisphere of the world basically due to the availability of natural resources, such as iron ore, for example, which allowed people to start making first tools as well as weapon. At this point, it is worth mentioning early civilizations in Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece, India and China, which were all located in Northern hemisphere due to the available natural resources, such as iron ores (Best 664). For example, the beginning of the early production of bronze boosted the technological and economic development of those civilizations. The further introduction of iron, steel and other materials based on the use of natural resources accelerated their economic and technological development even more. Moreover, even the early settlement of people were determined by their natural environment and availability of natural resources, such as water and fertile soil, which people us ed for their regular life and basic needs.In the course of time, the role of natural resources increased even more because they became essential for the economic development of nations and fast technological progress (Lewis 245). At this point, it is possible to return to the time of the industrial revolution once again since the industrial revolution would be impossible without rich natural resources available to leading nations, such as Great Britain, France, Germany and the US (McCormick 148). The availability of such natural resources as coal and iron ore allowed them to boost their industrial production and develop transportation system, which, in its turn, accelerated trade within those countries as well as between those countries. At the same time, the rest of the world that had limited access to natural resources remained under-developed and suffered from technological and economic backwardness.The role of natural resources as the major driver of the economic and technologic al development became even more evident in the 20th century, when the traditional major powers, such as Great Britain, the US and others faced the tightening competition from the part of emerging economies of Southeast Asia (Kassman 149). In fact, the successful economic and technological development became possible due to the process of accelerated industrialization with the further transition to scientific, knowledge-based industries. The economic development of nations was therefore determined by the use of natural resources.In this respect, it is possible to refer to the level of the energy consumption in the world in the 20th century as well as today. The energy consumption is the major indicator of the level of economic and technological development of nations (Best 665). So far, the most developed nations have the highest level of the energy consumption, although they are trying to do their best to reduce this level to protect their environment and focus on the sustainable de velopment (McCormick 124). However, the energy is still an essential condition of the successful economic and technological development as well as it is an essential condition of the maintenance of the competitive position of nations in the global economy.At the same time, the lion share of energy in the world is generated by means of using natural resources, especially fossil fuels, like oil and gas. The share of renewable or alternative sources of energy is still low, whereas the major source of energy remains to be fossil fuels (McCormick 195). The availability of fossil fuels becomes the major factor that determines the competitive position of nations in the global economy. At this point, it is possible to refer to the crisis of the mid-1970s, which was triggered by the refusal of the Middle Eastern countries to sell oil at the low price (McCormick 202). This energy war resulted in a profound downturn in the economic development of the US and other well-developed nations. Today, the dependence of nations on fossil fuels is still very significant.On the other hand, the availability of oil and natural gas allow countries to boost their economic development, even if they are mere exporters of natural resources. At this point, it is possible to refer to countries of the Persian Gulf region, which used to be poor, under-developed nations, while today, they have become prosperous, technologically advanced nations that play an important part in the global economy. Their progress was the result of the oil export, which boosted their development and allowed them to increase their role in the world economy since they become the major suppliers of oil to the global market (McCormick 215). At any rate, decisions taken by Saudi Arabia and other oil exporting countries located in the Persian Gulf have a considerable impact on the oil price and situation in the global economy because oil is still the major source of energy, which is required for the fast economic develop ment and maintenance of stable functioning of well-developed economies. In such a way, the oil production and consumption has become the major driver of the economic development in the second half of the 20th century and still remains today. Hence, oil is one of the most valuable natural resources today, which is essential for the normal existence of the modern civilization because without oil the current level of the energy production would be impossible, while the modern civilization will not survive without the high level of the energy production at the moment.On the other hand, oil is just an example of the great significance of natural resources in the economic development of nations. The consumption of natural resources have become a norm that leads to the destructive impact of human economic activities as well as regular, everyday life activities on their environment (McCormick 156). For example, the consumption of timber has triggered the deforestation of many regions of the world that raises the problem of the threat to the natural environment. In addition, the use of natural resources leads to the pollution of the environment but the real problem of the modern world is the dilemma which virtually all countries face. On the one hand, they need natural resources to boost their economic and technological development, whereas, on the other hand, the use of natural resources leads to the further deterioration of the environmental situation.Thus, today, nations need to develop new policies oriented on the wise and effective use of natural resources. However, what proves to be beyond a doubt is the great role of natural resources in the development of nations. Historically, naturally resources played the key part in the economic and technological development of countries and today they still play the crucial part in the development of nations because they determine the competitive position of nations in the global economy.

Case 2 research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Case 2 research paper - Essay Example Nonetheless, with increasing awareness among women as well as government initiatives to guard men and women against malfeasance of the society, more and more people are rising to protest against sexual harassment cases. As a result, the policy makers have also started developing more stringent and defined rules and policies in order to ward off criminals, who escape through loopholes in policies and amendments. The EEOC has set explicit guidelines so as to define sexual harassment. Any unwelcomed sexual advance, physical or verbal conduct or requests for sexual favors will be considered as sexual harassment, when; If such conduct has a purpose or an effect of unreasonable prying on the work performance of an individual or creates a hostile, offensive or intimidating working environment (TWU counseling center, n.d.). In a detailed manner, sexual harassment can be physical, verbal or non-verbal and even, psychological. It can also be in form of unwelcomed gestures or postures. Most of the activities performed by Peter Lewiston fall under the EEOC’s definition of sexual harassment; for instance, giving unwanted letters or materials, which are of sexual nature. Lewiston was constantly giving flowers to Gilbury without informing her and before she arrived in the school, which made her uncomfortable. Another act of sexual harassment pursued by Lewiston was that of pressurizing Gilbury for a date. Even after her rejection, he incessantly asked her to have lunch with him. Lewiston also deliberately touched her head, while having conversation with Gilbury, which made her further uncomfortable and uneasy. Peter also blocked her path, when she was returning from work. All of the above gestures, postures as well as actions pursued by Peter were unwelcomed by Gilbury and can definitely be considered as a case of sexual harassment. Dealing with complaints of harassment is

Literary Response 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Literary Response 1 - Essay Example This does not reflect a scary concept or notion, whereas, it even seems like a near to pleasant experience for her. For her, the concept of death was intense, but lines like ‘Safe in their alabaster chambers,’ in the poem The Sleeping (Dickinson, 2005, line 1) and ‘I heard a fly buzz when I died’ (Dickinson, 2005, line 1) in the poem that goes by the same name clearly illustrate that she was fascinated with this subject. The casual tone that she uses for death by referring to it as ‘he’ or by bringing about the reference of a fly is in fact a reflection of how deeply she thought about death. Therefore, one key voice that comes out in Dickinson’s poetry is her obsession with death. Closely related with the voice of death is the tone of morbidity that one can sense in Dickinson’s poetry. Emotions like pain, separation and hunger surface often in her poetry, giving out a strong sense of morbidity (Eberwein, 1998). The line, ‘Pai n has an element of blank; It cannot recollect, When it began’ in the poem ‘Pain’ (Dickinson, 2005, line 1-3), brings about a sensation of overpowering and almost numbing pain that is experienced in extreme situations.