Austins Ditch: The Political Necessity and Impossibility of :: Austin Politics Essays

Austin's Ditch: The Political Necessity and Impossibility of "Non-Serious" Speech ABSTRACT: This essay seeks to show that there are political implications in Jacques Derrida’s critique of J.L. Austin’s notion of performative speech. If, as Derrida claims and Austin denies, performative utterances are necessarily "contaminated" by that which Austin refuses to consider (the speech of the poet and the actor in which literal force is never intended), then what are the implications for the speech acts of the state? Austin considers the speech acts of the poet and the actor to be "parasites" or "ordinary language," "non-serious," and would relegate such speech to a region beyond his consideration, to a "ditch" outside the border of meaning for the performative. Derrida argues that the "contamination" Austin fears for language is necessary for its very performativity. If Derrida is correct, then the performative utterances of the state (e.g. the decree of the judge, "I sentence you...") from the biases of racial or sexual identity is also based upon an impo ssible desire, a desire that goes against the manner in which language functions. I argue that this desire for a just state cannot be satisfied unless racial and sexual identity is viewed not as "parasitic" and "poetic," but as necessary to the performativity of the state’s liberal power. "One will not be able to exclude, as Austin wishes, the 'non-serious', the oratio obliqua from 'ordinary language'." Jacques Derrida (1) In his lectures included in How to Do Things With Words J.L. Austin seeks to exclude from his analysis of performative speech all utterances that do not fall under his notion of "ordinary speech".(2) Ordinary speech that is performative, according to Austin, effects a circumstance by means of the speaking, e.g. a sailor names a ship or a judge says, "I sentence you to six months' probation." Often, the desired effect is not produced because of what Austin calls "extenuating circumstances". But Austin's main concern is for what he refers to as instances of "relative purity" in which there is less a chance of failure or "infelicity" (his term) to spoil the intentions of the speech. Also to be excluded from his considerations are instances of citations of performative speech, as in a play: ...a performative will be in a peculiar way hollow or void if said by an actor on the stage, or if introduced in a poem, or spoken in a soliloquy....Language in such circumstances is in special ways—intelligibly—used not seriously, but in ways parasitic upon its normal use—ways which fall under the doctrine of the etiolations of language.

Kristen’s Cookies Precase Essay

1. It will take 26 minutes to fill one rush order (6+2+10+5+2+1= 26 minutes). Gantt chart is also attached. 2. The cycle time is 10 minutes because the bottleneck is the time they have to wait for the cookies to bake in the oven. They cannot continue the cookie process without baking and the lack of room in the oven or additional ovens are the constraints that are limiting the total operation. The capacity of the operation would be 6 orders per hour (60 minutes/ 10 minutes= six orders), so that means you could fill 24 orders in one night (6 orders an hour * 4 hours). This answer does assume that every order only asks for one dozen each, for example, if one customer orders two dozen, you would only be able to fill 23 orders because that order would require using the oven twice. 3. The amount of labor per dozen for 1 order is 8 minutes per dozen (mixing and scooping takes 8 minutes) for Kristen and 4 minutes for Kristen’s roommate per dozen (the real work she does, the time she spends waiting is negligible so the 1 minute to load, 2 minutes to package and 1 minute to accept the payment). Kristen’s roommate only does slightly less work per dozen when they are all similar because she’ll only accept the payment once, so for two dozen she would do 3.5 minutes, and three dozen she would do 3.33 minutes per dozen. Kristen does the same amount of work per dozen when they are all different. When the cookies have similar ingredients, Kristen does less work because she doesn’t have to continue mixing for each dozen. If it’s two similar dozens of cookies, Kristen does 5 minutes of work per dozen (6 minutes of mixing, 2 minutes of scooping * 2 times/2). When it’s three similar dozens of cookies, Kristen does 4 minutes of work pe r dozen (6 minutes of mixing, 2 minutes of scooping * 3 times/3). If it’s two similar dozen and one different, she will do 6 minutes of work per dozen (6 minutes of mixing* 2 times, 2 minutes of scooping * 3 times/3). Kristen still does 3.5 and 3.33 minutes of work per dozen because her process doesn’t change based on the variety of cookies. 4. I personally wouldn’t because the operation is slow enough and it would incentivize  customers to buy more which isn’t necessarily a good thing for the reputation of Kristen’s cookies in terms of its speed of service. People will probably order different dozens of cookies and as we saw, it didn’t speed up Kristen’s operations which in terms of labor is the most timely. I think this would get more money in the short run, but in the long run people wouldn’t be too happy with Kristen’s speed if everyone ordered three dozens of cookies at a time (some orders wouldn’t be received within hours.) 5. Without any more oven space, buying more electric mixers would not be too beneficial because the bottleneck is the oven. At the moment, Kristen is actually continually waiting on oven space to be available which is what is slowing operations down, so I would stay with one since it would just increase your fixed costs. As for the trays, I would have four, because you could have one tray in the oven and still be able to scoop out the contents of the processor for three dozen cookies which would maximize Kristen’s efficiency and she wouldn’t be waiting. 6. The oven is the bottle neck because it takes the most time and the operations cannot continue without baked cookies. Kristen cannot make more cookies without space in the oven, and her roommate cannot continue to finish the order without the baked cookies either. Adding another oven (assuming it only took one dozen still), would increase the capacity to 10 orders an hour because the bottle neck would become washing and mixing the ingredients which would be 1 minute more per dozen in the process. The new constraint for baking would be 5 minutes because there are two ovens now that it decreases the respective cycle time for baking by half. The maximum amount I would pay for an additional oven would be the increased revenue it generates per month for Kristen’s cookies, because past that the oven wouldn’t be seeing a return on the investment.

Privatization Of Australia s Agricultural Industry

Subject Name – DAVENDER SINGH Lecturer’s Name – JAS CHAWLA Reforms in Australia’s Agricultural Industry Due date 28-08-2015 Date Submitted 28-08-2015 Reforms in the Australian agricultural industry Like many countries, agriculture has been the backbone of Australia’s growth and development. Farming in Australia can be traced back to the time European settlers introduced agricultural technologies from their native countries and thereby influenced the early practices in the country. The industry of farming has fed Australia’s growing population and provided a basis for economic growth and development. Australia’s agricultural sector is a significant contributor to the economy, businesses related to agriculture not only provide for Australia’s population but is also a major exporter. There have been many changes in the farming methods over the years, but the image of the Australian farms remains a recognizable icon, this is because Australian farmers incorporate a sense of resilience and tradition and are also able to adapt quickly. The climatic conditions of Australia are extremes, and this has brought challenges in the farming sector, these have led to great inventions and improved production methods that have put Australia in the forefront of world agricultural development. The combine head harvester, stump jump plough, and improved strains of drought and disease- resistant wheat. Over the years, Australia’s agricultural industry has had many changes thatShow MoreRelatedNew Zealands Economy820 Words   |  4 PagesEconomic Structure of New Zealand New Zealand has a mixed economy which is mostly based on the free market principles. 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